Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered a major health problem worldwide. The aftermath and long-term effects of trauma often results in physical and behavioral difficulties. The American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Specific DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD is well established and supported by the National Center for PTSD. Diagnostic criteria for PTSD is based on an individual who is exposed to a traumatic event that meets specific stipulations and symptoms from four symptom clusters including intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Within those categories are eight (A-H) criteria. Below is a brief explanation of all criteria A-H:
Criterion A: The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence.
Criterion B: The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced.
Criterion C: Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma.
Criterion D: Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma.
Criterion E: Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma.
Criterion F: Symptoms last for more than 1 month.
Criterion G: Symptoms create distress or functional impairment (e.g., social, occupational).
Criterion H (required): Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.
Following the diagnosis of PTSD, an individual often benefits treatment interventions provided by a trained professional such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or counselor. During treatment, PTSD is often divided into four phases as noted below:
- Impact phase (addressing initial behavioral reactions)
- Rescue phase (period when an individual begins to accept aspects of trauma)
- Intermediate recovery phase (an individual begins to adjust to “normal” life experiences)
- Long-term reconstruction phase (period of learning and accepting the long-term effects of trauma)
In essence, it is imperative that an individual be diagnosed and treated as quickly as possible to minimize the potential adverse effects of trauma and to expedite a successful return to “normal” life experiences. If you or a loved one is experiencing PTSD symptoms, please call our office for consultation.
Michael Raymond, PhD, ABN
Board Certified, Neuropsychology